28 advanced grammar patterns — formal conjunctions, indirect expressions, complex conditionals, and academic grammar.
Connecting clauses and complex sentences
-(으)ㄹ뿐더러
Adds emphasis beyond expectation: 'not only... but also/furthermore.'
-(으)므로
Formal written expression of cause/reason ('because/therefore'), used in documents and news.
-는 바람에
Expresses an unexpected cause that led to a negative result ('because of / due to').
-는 반면(에)
Contrasts two facts about the same subject: 'on the other hand / while / whereas.'
-더니
Connects a past observation to a resulting change: 'I noticed... and then...'
-(으)ㄴ/는 데다가
Adds a compounding fact: 'in addition to / on top of that.'
-(으)세요, formal and polite speech levels
Fixed patterns and set phrases
-는 바
Formal expression meaning 'the fact that / what one does,' used in formal writing and speech.
-(으)ㄴ/는 셈이다
Expresses that something can be considered or regarded as equivalent to something else.
-기는커녕
Negates an expectation emphatically: 'far from / let alone / not even close to.'
-는 듯하다
Expresses an impression or conjecture: 'it seems like / it appears that.'
-(으)ㄹ 리가 없다
Expresses strong disbelief: 'there's no way / it can't be that.'
-다시피
Refers to shared knowledge: 'as you know / as you can see.'
-(으)ㄹ 텐데
Expresses supposition about a situation and its implications: 'I expect / I suppose that.'
-(으)ㄹ걸
Expresses regret about not doing something ('should have') or mild speculation ('I bet').
-잖아요
Appeals to shared knowledge or reminds the listener of a known fact: 'you know / as you know.'
-(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다
Expresses inevitability: 'have no choice but to / can only.'
-다니
Expresses surprise or disbelief at a fact or action: 'I can't believe that...!'
-에 의하면
Cites a source of information: 'according to.'
-에 관하여/관해서
Formal expression meaning 'regarding / concerning / about a topic.'
-(으)면, -아/어야 — conditional forms
-았/었더라면
Counterfactual conditional: 'if it had been / if I had done,' expressing regret about the past.
-더라도
Expresses a hypothetical concession: 'even if / even though (hypothetically).'
-(으)ㄹ지라도
Formal/literary version of 'even if,' used in writing and formal speech.
-(으)ㄴ/는 한
Sets a condition that must remain true: 'as long as / so long as.'
보다, 만큼, 제일/가장
-아/어요, -았/었어요, -을/ㄹ 거예요, conjugation
-아/어 놓다
Indicates completing an action and maintaining its result state: 'do and keep / do in advance.'
-아/어 버리다
Indicates an action is done completely, often with a sense of regret or relief.
-고 말다
Indicates an undesired outcome that ultimately happened despite efforts to prevent it.
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